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In the 19th century, early scientific investigations of brain behavior mechanisms depended largely on observations of antemortem behaviors as they related to postmortem cerebral lesions. These investigations formed the basis of the modern neurologic examination that allows localization of dysfunction. This anatomic approach to the study of brain–behavior relationships was advanced by inclusion of examination of living subjects by in vivo imaging using CT and later MRI.
New windows on brain mechanisms were opened with functional imaging (e.g., fMRI, magnetoencephalography, PET); however, even these methods have been largely applied in a topographic matter to determine areas of activation or deactivation. Although this topographic functional approach has provided considerable insight into brain mechanisms, it has limitations and may result, at times, in a type of modern phrenology, which can produce a skewed view of brain function. It is clear that individual brain regions do not act in isolation. This concept is not new,1,2 but recently, there has …
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