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Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) was first described by Astrom et al. in 1958 as an unusual demyelinating disease of the CNS.1 In 1965, Zu Rhein and Chou saw virus-like particles in electron micrographs from the brain of an affected patient, and suggested that PML was caused by papovavirus infection.2 At the time, the only known human papovavirus infection was warts, and Zu Rhein and Chou’s suggestion was received skeptically by leading virologists.3 In 1971, Padgett et al. recovered a papovavirus, which they christened JC virus (JCV) after the initials of the affected patient, in cultures of human fetal glial cells that had been inoculated with extracts of PML brain tissue.4 PML remains the only significant clinical disease associated with JCV, now classified as a polyomavirus.
PML was once an exceedingly rare disease, of importance more as the first example of a direct virus-mediated human demyelinating disease than for its clinical frequency. This changed dramatically in the AIDS era, and PML has now become commonplace.5 HIV …
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