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Parkinson's disease (PD) is an age-related neurodegenerative disorder that affects an estimated 1 million people in the United States (according to the American Parkinson Disease and United Parkinson Foundations). The introduction of levodopa in the late 1960s represented a major therapeutic advance and provided benefits to virtually all patients with this disorder. However, long-term treatment with levodopa is associated with a series of adverse events that include motor fluctuations, dyskinesias, and neuropsychiatric complications. In addition, with disease progression, patients develop new features that do not respond to levodopa therapy, such as freezing episodes, autonomic dysfunction, falling, and dementia. As a consequence, many PD patients eventually suffer unacceptable levels of disability despite levodopa treatment. This has led to an intensive search for newer therapies that provide PD patients with enhanced clinical control of symptoms and/or reduced adverse events. The ensuing explosion in laboratory and clinical …
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