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Myoclonus is a hyperkinetic movement disorder defined as brief, shock-like jerks caused by muscular contractions or inhibitions. The neuroanatomical localization of myoclonus spans the CNS with origins in the cortex, brainstem, or spinal cord. Electrophysiologic studies (for example, EEG, multichannel surface EMG, long-latency EMG responses to nerve stimulation, EEG–EMG back-averaging, and somatosensory evoked potentials) can assist in determining its localization. These studies can also help in distinguishing myoclonus from other hyperkinetic disorders (e.g., tremor, tics, dystonia, myokymia). The potential etiologies of myoclonus are numerous and include several neurodegenerative diseases, such as multiple system atrophy (MSA).
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