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Life on earth undergoes daily and seasonal rhythms of the solar cycle, and organisms have evolved behaviors and functions that respond to these predicted light-dark cycles. For most species, this is driven by a ∼24-hour rhythmic expression of a set of core clock genes/proteins, which can be entrained by extrinsic cues (also called zeitgebers), such as light and temperature.1 The clock proteins, in turn, regulate large networks of gene transcription to control circadian aspects of behavior (e.g., the sleep-wake cycle and feeding) and physiology (body temperature, blood pressure, hormone levels, and metabolism, etc). The mammalian clock is synchronized by the central pacemaker, the suprachiasmatic nucleus, of the hypothalamus. Integrating zeitgeber signals with neuroendocrine functions, the hypothalamus is essential for maintenance of homeostasis in the body.
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Go to Neurology.org/N for full disclosures. Funding information and disclosures deemed relevant by the authors, if any, are provided at the end of the editorial.
See page 1042
- Received February 22, 2023.
- Accepted in final form March 6, 2023.
- © 2023 American Academy of Neurology
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