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Over the last decade, knowledge regarding antibodies (Abs) associated with inflammatory disorders of the CNS has revolutionized diagnosis and clinical care. Examples of highly specific Ab assays that are now widely used to diagnose and make rapid treatment decisions in this area include those for Abs directed at the aquaporin-4 water channel and NMDA receptor. This has resulted in the acceleration of knowledge regarding treatment and has decidedly improved outcomes among these patient populations. Challenging the field is the vast majority of patients who have syndromes that lack a specific biomarker.
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