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An early goal for brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) is to provide people with tetraplegia and severe speech impairments with a restored ability to communicate, using only brain signals to drive a computer interface. The most extensively researched BCIs are those that use scalp-based EEG recordings; over the past 30 years, these EEG-BCIs have been developed and tested with both healthy, uninjured people and people with paralysis (e.g., due to ALS).1,2 While there have been many reports of single or a few individuals with paralysis who have used EEG-BCIs for communication, formal clinical trials for efficacy have been missing.
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