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Abstract
Objective: We aimed to investigate the association between leukoaraiosis and long-term risk of stroke recurrence adjusting for clinical scores developed and validated for the prediction of stroke risk, such as CHADS2 (congestive heart failure, hypertension, age ≥75 years, diabetes mellitus, and stroke or TIA) and CHA2DS2-VASc (congestive heart failure, hypertension, age ≥75 years, diabetes mellitus, stroke or TIA, vascular disease, age 65–74 years, sex category).
Methods: Study population was derived from the Athens Stroke Registry and was categorized in 2 subgroups according to the presence of atrial fibrillation (AF). Cox proportional hazards analysis was performed to assess the independent predictors of stroke recurrence. To investigate whether leukoaraiosis adds to the prognostic accuracy of CHADS2 and CHA2DS2-VASc scores, we used the likelihood ratio test. Overall model assessment was performed with Nagelkerke R2 and Harrell C statistic. Kaplan–Meier analyses were also performed.
Results: Among 1,892 patients, there were 320 (16.9%) with leukoaraiosis and 670 (35.4%) with AF. In the Kaplan–Meier analysis, there was significant difference in cumulative probability of stroke recurrence between patients with and without leukoaraiosis in the non-AF group (p < 0.01), but not in the AF group (p = 0.46). On Cox multivariate analysis, leukoaraiosis was found to be a significant independent predictor of stroke recurrence only in the non-AF group, in the models adjusting for CHADS2 (hazard ratio: 1.86, 95% confidence interval: 1.35–2.56) and CHA2DS2-VASc (hazard ratio: 1.82, 95% confidence interval: 1.32–2.51) scores. Leukoaraiosis was not a predictor of stroke recurrence in the AF group. Leukoaraiosis did not improve the predictive accuracy of the 2 scores, whether in the non-AF group (Harrell C statistic: 0.56 vs 0.59 [p = 0.31] for the model including CHADS2; 0.56 vs 0.59 [p = 0.44] for the model including CHA2DS2-VASc) or the AF group (Harrell C statistic: 0.63 vs 0.62 for the model including CHADS2; 0.64 vs 0.64 for the model including CHA2DS2-VASc).
Conclusions: Leukoaraiosis is an independent predictor of stroke recurrence in non-AF stroke patients. However, leukoaraiosis did not increase the accuracy of the CHADS2 and CHA2DS2-VASc scores to predict stroke recurrence in AF or non-AF stroke patients.
GLOSSARY
- AF=
- atrial fibrillation;
- CHADS2=
- congestive heart failure, hypertension, age ≥75 years, diabetes mellitus, and stroke or TIA;
- CHA2DS2-VASc=
- congestive heart failure, hypertension, age ≥75 years, diabetes mellitus, stroke or TIA, vascular disease, age 65–74 years, sex category;
- CI=
- confidence interval;
- HR=
- hazard ratio;
- NIHSS=
- NIH Stroke Scale
Footnotes
Go to Neurology.org for full disclosures. Funding information and disclosures deemed relevant by the authors, if any, are provided at the end of the article.
- Received September 8, 2014.
- Accepted in final form December 1, 2014.
- © 2015 American Academy of Neurology
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