Epigenetic regulation
Basic concepts and relevance to neurologic disease
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Epigenetics is the study of heritability not dependent on DNA sequence. The human epigenome includes covalent chemical modifications of DNA nucleotides and histone proteins; both are reversible and heritable. Other epigenetic regulators include noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs). These regulators allow for differential gene expression in diverse tissues despite all cells having the same genomic DNA sequence. Working synergistically, they control chromatin compaction and play crucial roles in embryogenesis, X-chromosome inactivation, and imprinting, and are important in the development and homeostasis of the nervous system.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The authors thank Steven D. Orwoll for preparation of the illustrations.
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Go to Neurology.org for full disclosures. Funding information and disclosures deemed relevant by the authors, if any, are provided at the end of the article.
- © 2014 American Academy of Neurology
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