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The use of microarrays to assess gene expression is becoming routine in many disciplines. The basic strategy is to arrange a panel of DNA probes at discreet spots on a glass slide or quartz chip. Under optimal conditions, each probe will hybridize to a particular species of mRNA in a test sample. An optical scanner quantitates the mRNA hybridized at each spot. Computer algorithms are then used to compare optical signals across arrays and determine differences in gene expression among test samples. By scaling the size of each probe spot down to less than 100 microns, thousands of genes can be assayed on a single chip, generating a profile of genes expressed in a sample of tissue or cells.
The tools for mRNA expression profiling have steadily improved since this method was pioneered in the early 1990s. For example, a commercial vendor of microarrays now supplies chips that are imprinted with more than 500,000 different DNA probes. Each probe occupies an area on the chip not much larger than a cortical neuron. Two such chips can analyze 33,000 different mRNAs, representing a large fraction of all human genes, with a redundancy of 11 different probes for every gene.
The development of …
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