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Throughout the history of behavioral neurology, two fundamentally different views of brain-behavior organization have been propounded. The localizationalists, impressed by the selectivity of many neurobehavioral syndromes, saw the brain as a collection of discrete specialized centers. The holists, recognizing that the most simple of actions requires the orchestrated activity of many different brain regions, saw the brain as a highly integrated system.1 Today in cognitive neuroscience, this same dichotomy lives on in the form of “modularity”vs “distributed” processing. According to modular theories, the cognitive architecture consists of self-contained processors that carry out specific tasks with minimal interaction among them beyond what is needed to get input in and output out.2 According to distributed theories, even seemingly elementary cognitive processes may be carried out by an extensive network in which numerous different sources of information are brought into play and jointly influence the outcome.3
Face processing has, until recently, been taken as strong evidence for modularity. Prosopagnosia, the selective loss …
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