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Abstract
Background: Pesticides have been implicated as likely environmental risk factors for Parkinson disease (PD), but assessment of past exposure to pesticides can be difficult. No prior studies of pesticide exposure and PD used biomarkers of exposure collected before the onset of PD. Our investigation examined the association between prospective serum biomarkers of organochlorine pesticides and PD.
Methods: We conducted a nested case-control study within the Finnish Mobile Clinic Health Examination Survey, with serum samples collected during 1968–1972, and analyzed in 2005–2007 for organochlorine pesticides. Incident PD cases were identified through the Social Insurance Institution's nationwide registry and were confirmed by review of medical records (n = 101). Controls (n = 349) were matched for age, sex, municipality, and vital status. Adjusted odds ratios (ORs) of PD were estimated using logistic regression.
Results: Little association emerged with a summary score of the 5 organochlorine pesticides found at high levels, and only increasing dieldrin concentrations trended toward a higher risk of PD (OR per interquartile range [IQR] 1.28, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.97–1.69, p = 0.08). Because of possible strong confounding by cigarette smoking among smokers, we ran additional analyses restricted to never smokers (n = 68 cases, 183 controls). In these analyses, increasing dieldrin concentrations were associated with increased odds of PD (OR per IQR 1.95, 95% CI 1.26–3.02, p = 0.003). None of the other organochlorine pesticides were associated with PD in these analyses.
Conclusions: These results provide some support for an increased risk of Parkinson disease with exposure to dieldrin, but chance or exposure correlation with other less persistent pesticides could contribute to our findings.
Glossary
- AHS=
- Agricultural Health Study\′3b;
- β-HCH=
- β-hexachlorocyclohexane;
- BMI=
- body mass index;
- CI=
- confidence interval;
- 2-4-D=
- 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid;
- FMC=
- Finnish Mobile Clinic Health Examination Survey;
- HCB=
- hexachlorobenzene;
- IQR=
- interquartile range;
- MPP+=
- 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium;
- MPTP=
- 1-methyl,-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine;
- NHANES=
- US National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey;
- OR=
- odds ratio;
- PCB=
- polychlorinated biphenyl;
- PD=
- Parkinson disease;
- p,p'-DDD=
- p,p'-dichloro-diphenyl-dichloroethane;
- p,p'-DDE=
- p,p'-dichloro-diphenyl-dichloroethylene;
- p,p'-DDT=
- p,p'-dichloro-diphenyl-trichloroethane;
- SSI=
- Social Insurance Institution;
- 2,4,5-T=
- 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid.
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